Bio quiz on Liver and Kidneys

You will be having a short quiz on the Kidneys and Liver in two classes. If, for any reason, I am absent, you are still responsible for COMPLETING ALL WORK - notes, quizzes, etc. There is no reason that you should not be making an effort to complete all assignments in class, as you will be given adequate time. If I am not at school for your class, you can send me an e-mail at misshampson(at)gmail(dot)com, or find me the next day! If you do have any problems, please e-mail me as soon as possible, so that I can respond to your needs. Thanks!

314-05
Monday (Day 5): Review Kidneys, Discuss liver, take notes, complete questions on liver
Thursday (Day 8): Review liver and kidneys, answer any questions, QUICK QUIZ!

314-08
Wednesday (Day 7): Review Kidneys, Discuss liver, take notes, complete questions on liver
Friday (Day 9): Review liver and kidneys, answer any questions, QUICK QUIZ!

Notes on the liver and kidneys:
In the textbook, this section is located beginning on page 201.

Kidneys

Humans have a right and a left kidney, which are small, oval organs lying to either side of the spine. They are protected in the back by the muscles.

The primary function of the kidneys is to filter metabolic waste products. This means that when the body is processing food and nutrients to get energy, waste is produced. Quick review: What is produced as a result of the metabolism of lipids? Carbs? Protein?

The kidneys also filter sodium (salt) and water from the blood, and help eliminate them from the body. This is done through by filtering them out.

Each kidney is supplied with blood by a large renal (kidney) artery, a direct branch off the aorta (Remember: this is an artery that supplys blood to the upper part of the body.) In healthy adults, the two kidneys together receive approximately 20% of the blood pumped by the heart. This means each kidney receives one litre (HALF of a big bottle of Coke :) EvErY MiNuTe!

The kidneys contain tiny filtering units. The blood passes through the capillaries (the smallest blood vessel), and the water is forced out. The cells and protein in the blood are too big to pass outside of the capillaries, so, only the waste is able to pass out. The filtering begins in a part of
the kidney called the cortex.

The waste then drains through the ureter (the tube that carries urine, also known as pee) and empties into the bladder. The bladder, when it is full, is what makes you feel like you have to go to the bathroom. The bladder is drained through a tube called the urethra, and this is the process of urination (peeing).

The filtering action of the kidneys is designed so that the salt and water that the body needs, it is able to hold on to. The waste product urea (produced by the metabolism of protein) is able to be disposed of.

Red blood cell production
The kidneys have other discrete functions, including control over how often red blood cells are produced.

Vitamin D production
Another function of the kidneys is to activate vitamin D. Vitamin D is derived from the diet or the effects of sunlight on the skin, but has to be converted to a final active product in the kidneys. If the kidneys can no longer perform this function, symptoms such as bone disease with bone pain or fracturing can occur.

The Liver
The liver plays a major role in metabolism. It also produces bile, which is important for digestion. Medical terms related to the liver often start in hepato- or hepatic from the Greek word for liver, hepar.

The adult human liver normally weighs between 1.0 - 2.5 kilograms, and is a soft, pinkish-brown "boomerang shaped" organ. It is the second largest organ (the largest organ is actually the skin!) It is located underneath the diaphragm, in the upper abdomen. The gallbladder stores bile used in digestion.

The liver processes the nutrients and byproducts of food digestion. The bile produced in the liver is collected in bile ducts. Bile drains directly into the duodenum, or can be temporarily stored in the gallbladder.

The liver is one of the only internal human organs able to regenerate (grow itself); as little as 25% of remaining liver can regenerate into a whole liver again.

Winter exam recup

Since people do not seem to be showing up for recup, I am posting VITAL information here!!

Things to know for your exam:

DIAGRAMS to know for the exam!
Page 102 The formed elements of the blood
Page 108 The components of blood and their functions
Page 110 The circulatory system: Know where the blood with O2 is and where there is blood with CO2
Page 112 Pulmonary and systemic circulation-
Page 127 Blood types
Page 128 Slides of blood type testing
Page 130 Sample question about transfusions
Page 131 Rhesus factor in Mother and Fetus *** Just know that there is a problem if a MOTHER is RH- and her child is RH+

Page 109 The chambers of the heart diagram will appear on the exam. You need to label: the vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery, right and left atrium, right and left ventricle. For the exam, you also need to know WHICH parts are carrying blood with O2 (the red parts) and CO2 (the blue parts)

For a good diagram of this online:
The heart: Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the blood (O2 and CO2)
This diagram really shows you where the blood with blood is coming from and going.

For a diagram VERY close to the one that will be on your test, check out this link below:
Heart diagram like one on exam
BUT REMEMBER: You only need to label the superior (at the top) vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery, right and left atrium, right and left ventricle, inferior (at the bottom) vena cava.


Red blood cells
- Red blood cells are produced in the marrow of the bone
- Hemoglobin is the substance that makes them red
- they cannot reproduce

They are the TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM of the body. They move nutrients and O2 throughout the body.

White blood cells
- they are larger then red blood cells
- they are colourless
- they CAN reproduce (they have a nucleus)
- can phagocytize (eat up old or dead cells and bacteria)
- produce antibodies

They are the protectors of the body, they FIGHT to keep you healthy

Platelets
- are the remains of blood cells

Plasma
- keeps blood flowing
- it is the FLUID component of blood
- the blood cells float along (mmm, yummy!) in the plasma

Plasma vs Lymph
- PLASMA is the liquid that BLOOD CELLS float in
- LYMPH is the liquid that BODY CELLS are surrounded by

Know the structures of the heart:

Aorta: A main artery, it carries blood WITH O2 from the left ventricle to all parts of the body.
Pulmonary veins: carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
The superior vena cava: carries DE OXYGENATED (no O2) from the UPPER half of the body. Goes through the right atrium to the right ventricle
The inferior vena cava: carries DE OXYGENATED (no O2) from the BOTTOM half of the body. Goes through the right atrium to the right ventricle/
The pulmonary artery: carries DE OXYGENATED (no O2) blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

Pulmonary circulation: when the blood passes from the heart into the lungs, picks up oxygen, and is then circulated back into the heart.

Systemic circulation: blood with oxygen in it passes into the aorta and is then circulated to different parts of the body, all the way down to the tiny capillaries. It picks up CO2 in the capillaries, and the cycle starts again.

Antigens: Germs or disease that invades the body
Antibodies: Produced by the white blood cells to FIGHT INFECTION!!

Universal Donor: Group O-
Universal Recipient: Group AB+

Rhesus factor: Can be a problem if a MOTHER is RH- and is pregnant with a baby that is RH+. The two types of blood cannot mix, and a mother will produce antibodies against the RH- blood! Review p 131. Drugs can be given to the mother to protect the baby.

Make sure you hand in the questions at the beginning of the exam period!! Answers will be up this evening! Any questions, e-mail me.

Studying for the Winter Exam

The Blood

Functions of the blood
1) Transport
2) Fight disease
3) Repair blood vessels
4) Distribute oxygen

Composition of the blood:
Whole blood is made up of liquid and solids.
1) 55% liquid (plasma)
2) 45% solid

1) Plasma:
- a straw-coloured liquid
- composed of water and dissolved substances

Function of plasma:
- gives fluidity to the blood
- transports dissolved nutrients and waste
- contains disease-fighting antibodies
- transports the body's CO2

2) Solids
- cells
- there are three types of blood cells

i) red corpuscules (red blood cells)
ii) white corpuscules (white blood cells)
iii) platelets

LYMPH
Lymph is a fluid that bathes the cells of the body. It is derived from the fluid that leaves the capillaries.

Lymph fills the spaces between the blood vessels and the body cells where the exchange of oxygen and nutrients takes place.

THE HEART

Check out this link to learn more in-depth details about the heart, and see diagrams

A muscle that is shaped like a pear and about as big as a fist. It is located to the left of the middle of the chest, and acts as a pump.

Structure of the heart:A basic diagram of the heart, with labels (click on this)

- left and right side
- these are separated by a wall
- each side pumps blood separately

The heart is divided into four chambers
- the top two are called atriums
- the bottom two are called ventricles

The vena cava brings blood into the heart from the body.

The aorta sends blood to the body from the heart.

BLOOD CIRCULATION


2 circulatory systems
1) Pulmonary circulation
2) Systematic circualtion

3 kinds of blood vessels:
1) arteries
2) veins
3) capillaries


For more information on the circulatory system - how blood moves around the body, click the link below:
http://users.tpg.com.au/users/amcgann/body/circulatory.html

***** MORE NOTES TO COME***** ALSO STUDY BLOOD GROUPS!*****

TUTORIALS FRIDAY AT LUNCH AND AFTER SCHOOL

The Function of Oxygen in Nutrition

come to recup wednesday and thursday!Two components of air have an effect on your health

• oxygen
• carbon dioxide

Why do we need oxygen?

• Humans need nutrients to survive
  
• We extract nutrients from food
• We extract nutrients through chemical and mechanical processes
• These processes break down food into smaller nutrients
• These smaller nutrients are then more easily absorbed into our system, by cells, and circulated throughout the body
  

Oxygen helps to break down foods into the smallest possible parts.

• it is required to release the energy found in nutrients

Oxygen allows the energy to be released from carbs, lipids, and proteins

• it makes carbon dioxide as a waste product

The process of oxygen breaking down nutrients happens day after day

• we constantly need oxygen
• we constantly produce carbon dioxide
  

Studying, Term One: Removing nutrients from food

1.1.3 The Function of Oxygen (O₂) in Nutrtion

• Air is made up of three different elements

  • You must know the two that affect a human's health. They are (2 elements):

    • carbon dioxide

    • oxygen

Air is actually a compound gas made up of nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide.

• The function of oxygen in nutrition

  • cells get their energy from nutrients

  • these nutrients are in the blood

  • oxygen helps release the nutrients

  • oxygen is what allows us to metabolise carbs, protein and lipids

  • this releases the energy found in carbs, proteins and lipids

  • there is a waste product produced

  • it is carbon dioxide

• the process of

  • oxygen breaking down the bonds

  • nutrients are released

  • the body is able to use them for energy

  • carbon dioxide is created because of this process

  • happens all the time in our body

• when we exercise more

  • we metabolise nutrients at a faster rate

  • the body heats up

  • we need more nutrients

  • we then need more oxygen to break down the nutrients fast enough

  • we start to breath faster

*** Be able to answer the Review questions on page 33 of your textbook***

*****Try out the Evaluation questions on pages 34 and 35 for practice*****

Section 1, Unit 2 Transformation and selection of intake

1. Locating the parts of the human digestive system

• know that the human digestive system is made up of two MAIN parts (2 parts)

  • a tube – the digestive tract

    • this is what the food passes through

  • glands – the digestive glands

    • glands are where chemicals are produced in the body to help break down food

• know the 5 parts of the digestive tract (from mouth to anus) (5 parts)

  • the mouth

    • where food enters the body

    • contains the teeth and tongue

  • the esophagus

    • connects the mouth to the stomach

    • long, flattish tube

  • the stomach

    • located between the esophagus and small intestine

    • resembles a j-shaped bag

  • the small intestine

    • between the stomach and the large intestine

  • the large intestine or colon

    • between the small intestine and the rectum

• Know the 5 digestive glands

  • the salivary glands

    • in the mouth

  • the gastric glands

    • in the stomach

  • the liver

    • at the same level as the stomach

  • the pancreas

    • below the stomach

  • the intestinal glands

    • in the intestine

Be able to place these on a diagram – study page 40

***Be able to answer the review questions on page 42***

*****Know the Organ, Action and Result columns of the table on page 52 – For the small intestine, all you need to know for chemical Result is that digestion is completed in the small intestine *****

Know the main steps (mechanical and chemical) in the digestive process

Studying for the Term One Biology Final

This test is based on the information from pages 1-54. For your test, you should be familiar with the following areas:

Section 1, Unit 1.1

• What is food?

  • The solids you eat and liquids you drink

  • they contain nutrients

  • Nutrients include (7 things): protein, carbs, lipids (fats), vitamins, minerals, fibre, water

• What functions do foods perform (3 functions)?

  • build and repair tissues

  • produce energy

  • regulate metabolism

• Foods that build and repair body tissue

  • protein

  • build and repair tissues

  • promote growth by providing material needed for cells to grow and develop

  • promote wound healing

  • examples: meat, cheese, fish, nuts, eggs, beans, tofu

• Foods that provide energy (2 kinds)

  • carbohydrates are used first

  • examples of carbohydrate rich foods (2 types of examples)

    • foods containing starches: bread, pasta, potatoes, rice

    • foods containing sugars: fruits, syrups, jams

  • lipids are also used for energy, but they are burned after carbs

  • examples of lipids: found in fatty foods such as butter, cream, cooking oil, fat

• Metabolism

  • the series of chemical reactions that keeps your body alive and healthy

    • includes everything from eating your food, to how nutrients are extracted and filter into the blood, to how blood gets circulated around the body and those nutrients get used up

• Foods that regulate metabolism (4 things)

  • vitamins

  • minerals

  • dietary fibre

  • water

Functions of different foods

Know that many foods are actually compound, they are made up of a combination of all the above elements.

*** Make sure you are able to answer the REVIEW questions on page 20 in your text book. ***

Unit 1.1.2

Qualitative and Quantitative nutritional needs

• qualitative nutritional needs

  • is the variety/types of foods you need

  • refers to a description, qual. needs tell us something about what you should be eating, it describes or categorises it in some way

  • Examples of qualitative statements: 'Beef is considered to be protein OR in the meat and alternatives group.' In this sentence, the part that is qualitative has been underlined.

• There are two ways I might ask you to describe food qualitatively (2 ways)

  • using the function of the food

    • examples: protein, carb, etc.

  • using the food group classification

    • examples: milk and milk products, meat & alternatives, bread and cereals, etc.

• quantitative nutritional needs

  • is the amount of different foods you need

  • it refers to some sort of measurement of food, either a weight, number of portions or serving size

  • Examples of quantitative statements: 'An adolescent's daily protein needs are 2g/kg of body weight OR 2 servings from the meat and alternatives food group.' In this sentence, the part that is quantitative has been underlined.

• Be familiar with the chart on page 22 in your text book. You do not need to memorise the numbers, but you should have a general idea that

  • protein is measured according to your body weight

  • example: 2g/kg of body weight

  • you need more carbohydrates (500 g) than lipids (75 g)

  • you need to drink between 2-3 litres of water a day

• Know that fat has the most energy (measured in kJ)

• Know that adolescents need 12 800 kJ a day

• Be familiar with the food guide chart on p 23, know the different groups, and how many servings a day you should be eating. You should know examples of each of the groups.

*** Make sure you can answer the questions on page 28! ***

RECUP!

Recuperation is a chance for you to ask questions and get extra help in studying for your final Term One test. Make noted of these times, and show up with your books at room A2-16. If for some reason you cannot make it during these times, please see me during school time or send me an e-mail to arrange a time.

Tuesday November 1 AFTER SCHOOL

Wednesday November 2 LUNCH

Thursday November 3 AFTER SCHOOL

Good luck!

Tests and Quizzes for Section One (Terms One and Two)

Secondary Three Human Biology
Quizzes and Tests

This is the listing of quizzes and tests for Section One, which will take up Terms One and Two. This list is intended to help you figure out when you can expect a quiz or test. The page number indicates that, once we have reached that page, we will be having a quiz or test shortly thereafter. It may be a brief open-book pop quiz using your notes, or it may be something more intensive that will require some study in advance, such as the Unit Tests.

p.34 Final Unit Test 1.1

• Review pp. 24-28 in workbook

p. 42 Quiz 1.2.1

• Review pp. 30-32 in workbook

p. 47 Quiz 1.2.2 a (up to and including D)

• Review pp. 36-38 in workbook

• Review p. 54, #1-5 in textbook

p. 54 Quiz 1.2.2 b

• Review p. 54, #6-10 in textbook

p. 54 Mid-Unit Test 1.2

• Review pp. 36-38 in workbook

p. 68 Quiz 1.2.3

• Review p. 42 in workbook

p.75 Quiz 1.2.4

• Review pp. 43-44 in workbook

p.85 Quiz 1.2.5

• Review p. 46 in workbook

p. 101 Quiz 1.2.6

• Review p. 47 in workbook

p. 101 Final Unit Test 1.2

• Review pp. 48-51 in workbook

p. 108 Quiz 1.3.1 (A, B, C)

• Review p. 113 #1&2, p. 114 #3, p 116 #11, p. 117 #1-5 in textbook

p.118 Quiz 1.3.1

• Review p. 114 #4&5, p. 115, p. 117 #12, p. 118 #6-10 in textbook

p. 134 Quiz 1.3.2

• Review pp. 61-63 in workbook

p. 150 Quiz 1.3.3

• Review pp. 67-68 in workbook

p. 150 Final Unit Test 1.3

• Review pp. 70-72 in workbook

p.167 Quiz 1.4.1

• Review pp. 85-87 in workbook

p. 178 Quiz 1.4.2

• Review p. 88 in workbook

p. 186 Quiz 1.5.1

• Review pp. 98-99 in workbook

p. 197 Quiz 1.5.2 and 1.5.3

• Review p. 102 and p. 105 in workbook

p. 199 Final Unit Test 1.5

• Review pp. 89-90, 106-107 in workbook

p.208 Quiz 1.6.1

• Review p. 113 in workbook

p.220 Quiz 1.6.2

• Review p. 113 in workbook

p.220 Final Section Test: Units 1.1-1.6

• Review pp. 114-116 in workbook